Narration (Direct and Indirect Speech)Narration refers to the way we report or convey someone’s words.
It can be of two types:
1. Direct Speech (सीधा वाक्य):
The exact words of the speaker are quoted within quotation marks (” “).
Example:He said, “I am happy.”
उसने कहा, “मैं खुश हूँ।”
2. Indirect Speech (अप्रत्यक्ष वाक्य):
The words of the speaker are reported without quotation marks, and necessary changes are made in the sentence structure.
Example:
He said that he was happy.
उसने कहा कि वह खुश था।
1. Changes in Tense (काल का परिवर्तन):The tense of the reported speech usually changes in indirect speech, except when the reporting verb is in the present or future tense.
Note (ध्यान दें):If the reporting verb is in present or future tense, the tense of the reported speech does not change.
Example:
He says, “I am tired.”
He says that he is tired.
वह कहता है, “मैं थका हुआ हूँ।”
Types of Sentences and Their Conversion
Rules1. Statements (वाक्य)
Rule: Use that to join the sentences.
Direct: He said, “I am happy.”(उसने कहा, “मैं खुश हूँ।”)
Indirect: He said that he was happy.(उसने कहा कि वह खुश था।)
2. Questions (प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य)
Rule: Use if or whether for Yes/No questions and question words (what, why, how, etc.)
for WH-questions.Yes/No Questions:Direct:
She asked, “Are you coming?”(उसने पूछा, “क्या तुम आ रहे हो?”)
Indirect: She asked if I was coming.(उसने पूछा कि क्या मैं आ रहा हूँ।)
WH-Questions:
Direct:
He asked, “Where are you going?”(उसने पूछा, “तुम कहाँ जा रहे हो?”)
Indirect: He asked where I was going.(उसने पूछा कि मैं कहाँ जा रहा हूँ।)
3. Imperative Sentences (आदेश, अनुरोध, और सुझाव)
Rule: Use to + verb for affirmative commands and not to + verb for negative commands.
Direct: The teacher said, “Work hard.”(अध्यापक ने कहा, “कड़ी मेहनत करो।”)
Indirect: The teacher advised us to work hard.(अध्यापक ने हमें कड़ी मेहनत करने की सलाह दी।)
Direct: He said, “Don’t waste time.”(उसने कहा, “समय बर्बाद मत करो।”)
Indirect: He told us not to waste time.(उसने हमें समय बर्बाद न करने को कहा।)
4. Exclamatory Sentences (विस्मयादिबोधक वाक्य)
Rule: Change the exclamation into a statement using words like exclaimed with joy, sorrow, surprise, etc.
Direct: She said, “What a beautiful flower!”(उसने कहा, “क्या सुंदर फूल है!”)
Indirect: She exclaimed with joy that it was a beautiful flower.(उसने खुशी से कहा कि वह एक सुंदर फूल था।)
Examples for Practice (अभ्यास के लिए उदाहरण):
1. Direct: He said, “I can solve this problem.”
Indirect: He said that he could solve that problem.
2. Direct: She said to him, “Will you help me?”
Indirect: She asked him if he would help her.
3. Direct: The boy said, “Hurrah! We have won the match!”
Indirect: The boy exclaimed with joy that they had won the match.
4. Direct: They said, “We were playing football.”
Indirect: They said that they had been playing football.